Acne is one of the most common skin conditions there is. It shows up as spots on the face and sometimes on the back, chest, shoulders and neck. For some people it is mild and comes and goes. For others it covers larger areas and can leave scars.

The good news is that a lot can be done about it. A sensible daily routine helps many people. Pharmacists and doctors can offer more when that is not enough. Here is a plain guide to what causes acne and how to care for skin that breaks out.

What acne actually is

Acne happens when dead skin cells and oil build up and block the pores. Bacteria can then grow inside a blocked pore. That leads to the redness and swelling you see in a pimple. According to healthdirect advice on acne, an occasional spot on its own is not considered acne.

There are two broad types. Acne vulgaris mostly affects teenagers and usually lasts three to five years. Adult acne, also called hormonal acne, either carries on past about 18 to 20 or starts in adulthood. Mild acne tends to sit on the T zone across the forehead, nose and chin.

The different kinds of spots

Not every spot looks the same. Knowing the difference helps you describe what is going on to a pharmacist or doctor. It also helps you tell acne apart from other skin problems.

• Whiteheads are small white spots just under the surface of the skin.
• Blackheads are small blocked pores with a dark plug.
• Pimples are red, inflamed spots that may contain pus.
• Nodules are larger red bumps under the skin that can be painful.

If your spots do not match these, it may be something else entirely. Some rashes and reactions can look a bit like acne at first glance. Our guide asking what’s my rash covers some of the other common causes of red, bumpy skin. A doctor can tell you for sure.

Who gets acne and why

Acne most commonly affects people aged 16 to 18. It tends to be more severe in males. In females it is more likely to keep going over time. People with naturally oilier skin are also more likely to get it.

Hormones play a big part. Androgen hormones can increase the amount of oil the skin makes. Hormone levels rise during puberty, which is why acne so often starts in the teenage years. Higher hormone levels are behind acne in only a small number of adults, such as some people with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Common triggers

Healthdirect lists several things that can trigger acne. These include stress, family history, diet, some medicines and being overweight. Triggers differ from person to person. Keeping a simple note of when your skin flares can help you spot a pattern.

Myths worth letting go of

Acne is not caused by poor hygiene. Many people scrub their face harder when they break out, thinking dirt is the problem. In fact washing too often can make acne worse. Gentle care works better than harsh care.

Food is not a common cause of acne either. Diet is still listed as a possible trigger for some people. A balanced diet is a good idea for your skin and your general health. There is no need to cut out whole food groups in the hope of clearing your skin.

A gentle daily skin care routine

Wash your face twice a day with warm water and a gentle face wash. Choose one that is soap free and pH balanced. Then apply a moisturiser and sunscreen. Avoid harsh soaps and resist the urge to wash more often than that.

Makeup can still be part of your routine. Pick oil free products rather than oil based ones. Take your makeup off every night before bed. The same goes for sunscreen, so look for a light formula instead of a greasy one.

How you keep your products matters too. Heat and humidity in a bathroom can affect some creams and makeup over time. Our post on the best storage ideas for your skincare and makeup has practical tips. Clean tools and fresh products are kinder to blemish prone skin.

Hands off the spots

Try not to pick or squeeze pimples. It is tempting, but it can make inflammation worse. Picking also raises the chance of infection, and infection can lead to scarring. Leaving the spot alone is the better choice.

Hair, clothing and fabric

Shampoo regularly, especially if your hair is oily and rests on your forehead or neck. Tight clothing over areas where you get spots can also make things worse. Loose, breathable fabrics are a better option for the back and chest. Soft layers such as personalised robes are comfortable to wear after a shower while your moisturiser sinks in.

Lifestyle habits that help

Healthdirect suggests eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated and exercising regularly. These habits support your overall health as well as your skin. Regular movement can also help with stress, which is one of the listed triggers. If you are looking for ideas, our guide to excellent exercise for weight loss covers some easy ways to stay active.

Shower soon after a workout if you can. Sweat and tight gym gear sitting on the skin for hours is not ideal for anyone prone to back or chest acne. Use sun protection outdoors too. A hat with a wide brim and a light sunscreen are both good habits.

When to see a pharmacist or doctor

A pharmacist is a good first stop for mild acne. They can recommend face washes, cleansers, creams and gels. These often help remove oil and unblock pores. Some ingredients, such as alpha hydroxy acids and azelaic acid, can irritate the skin or interact with medicines, so ask first.

See your doctor if your acne is severe or worrying you. You should also go back if it does not improve with what your pharmacist suggested. Untreated acne can leave scars, which is why getting help early matters. For severe acne, a doctor may refer you to a dermatologist.

Prescription options exist for acne that is severe or not responding to other care. A doctor will talk you through what suits your situation. Improvement often takes two to three months, so patience helps. If nothing changes after that, ask about other options.

Acne and how you feel

For many people acne affects more than the skin. It can change how you feel about your appearance and lower your confidence. It can also affect your social life and your mental health. If you are avoiding people or feeling down because of your skin, talk to your doctor about it.

Frequently asked questions

Does washing my face more often clear acne?

No, and it can make acne worse. Twice a day with a gentle, soap free wash and warm water is enough. Harsh soaps and scrubbing can irritate the skin. Acne is not caused by poor hygiene.

Can adults get acne?

Yes. Adult acne, sometimes called hormonal acne, can continue past about 18 to 20 or start in adulthood. It is more likely to be ongoing in females. A doctor can check what might be behind it.

How long does acne treatment take to work?

Improvement often takes two to three months. It is worth sticking with a routine for that long before judging it. If there is no change after that time, speak with your doctor. They may suggest other options or a combination.

Is it safe to wear makeup with acne?

Yes, for most people. Choose oil free products and avoid oil based or greasy formulas. Remove all makeup every night before bed. If a product seems to make things worse, stop using it and ask a pharmacist.

This article is general information only and is not medical advice. Please speak with your doctor or a qualified health professional about your own skin.